Vogelgrippe, Hintergründe, Summary und Links

Drängendes Problem

Wie drängend das Problem ist, zeigte sich vor vier Wochen: Da bestätigte die WHO, dass in der Millionenstadt Medan sieben Mitglieder einer Familie durch Mensch-zu-Mensch-Übertragung an der Vogelgrippe starben. Die WHO bezeichnete diesen Fall als die "bedeutendste Entwicklung bei der Verbreitung des H5N1-Virus" seit dem Auftauchen der gefährlichen Virusvariante 2003. Gleichzeitig gab WHO-Sprecher Dick Thompson vorerst Entwarnung: "Der Virus hat sich nicht über die Familie hinaus übertragen, es war eine Sackgasse."

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aday schrieb:

Da bestätigte die WHO, dass in der Millionenstadt Medan sieben Mitglieder einer Familie durch Mensch-zu-Mensch-Übertragung an der Vogelgrippe starben.

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Vogelklappe schrieb:

Bei den letzten sieben Fällen handelte es sich nicht um Angehörige einer Familie, und sie stammten auch nicht aus der Großstadt Medan, in der sie im Krankenhaus behandelt wurden, sondern aus einem Dorf.

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Vogelklappe schrieb:

Es empfiehlt sich immer, sich über mehrere Quellen oder im Zweifel direkt zu informieren, um nicht zu falschen Schlüssen zu kommen.

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aday: Das Krankenhaus war doch in Medan wo die gestorben sind, oder etwa nicht?

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aday: Und falls es dir entgangen ist, Medan war nicht der erste Fall, wo man von einer Übertragung von Mensch zu Mensch ausgeht.

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Vogelklappe (erster Beitrag): In Indonesien hat die WHO bereits im letzten Jahr interfamiliäre Todesfälle ohne nachweisbaren Geflügelkontakt untersucht...

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Vogelklappe (unmittelbar vorheriger Beitrag): Bei den sieben Familienmitgliedern im Mai "...habe sich das Virus jedoch nicht wesentlich verändert, teilte die Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) mit."

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wer lesen kann ist klar im Vorteil

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Restricted infectivity of a human-Lineage H3N2 influenza A virus in pigs is hemagglutinin and neuraminidase gene dependent.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/..._uids=16455873&query_hl=3&itool=pubmed_docsum
Landolt GA, Karasin AI, Schutten MM, Olsen CW.

Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Influenza A viruses cause pandemics at sporadic intervals. Pandemic viruses can potentially be introduced into the human population through in toto transfer of an avian influenza virus or through reassortment between avian and human strains. Pigs are believed to play a central role in the creation of pandemic viruses through reassortment because of their susceptibility to infection with both avian and human influenza viruses. However, we recently found that a human-lineage H3N2 influenza virus was highly restricted in its ability to infect pigs after intranasal inoculation. We hypothesized that this restricted infectivity phenotype was controlled by the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). To test this, we infected pigs with reverse genetics-created HA plus NA reassortant viruses. Specifically, introduction of the HA and NA genes of a contemporary H3N2 swine virus into the genetic background of the wholly human virus resulted in a significant increase in virus shedding and pathogenicity. These data indicate that the HA/NA can play important roles in controlling human influenza virus infectivity in pigs. The results further support the premise that a barrier exists to human influenza virus infection in pigs, which may limit the role of pigs in pandemic virus creation through reassortment of human and avian influenza viruses.

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Akkas schrieb:

Ein hochagressives, pandemiefähiges Virus befällt also nur selektiv die Mitglieder einer einzigen Familie? In eine Millionenstadt, wo es jeden anderen auch leicht hätte infizieren können, gibt es sich mit exakt 7 Personen zufrieden? Klingt ja etwas hanebüchen. So höfliche Viren gibt es nicht.

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Avian influenza – situation in Indonesia – update 12

18 May 2006

The Ministry of Health in Indonesia has confirmed an additional seven cases of human infection with the H5N1 avian influenza virus. Six of the cases were fatal.

One fatal case, in a 38-year-old woman, occurred in the city of Surabaya, in East Java. She developed symptoms on 2 May, was hospitalized on 7 May, and died on 12 May. The case is the first reported from this area.

The remaining six cases are from the village of Kubu Sembelang in the Karo district of North Sumatra. All six are members of an extended family, and all but one lived in neighbouring houses.

Associated with the Kubu Sembelang outbreak is a seventh family member, a 37-year-old woman. She developed symptoms on 27 April and died of respiratory disease on 4 May. No specimens were obtained before her burial, and the cause of her death cannot be confirmed. She is, however, considered the initial case in this family cluster.

The six confirmed cases in Sumatra include the woman’s two sons, aged 15 and 17 years, who died respectively on 9 May and 12 May. The 28-year-old sister of the initial case died on 10 May. This sister had an 18-month-old girl, who died on 14 May. The fifth confirmed case, who is still alive, is the 25-year-old brother of the initial case. The sixth confirmed case is the 10-year-old nephew of the initial case. He died on 13 May.

One additional family member, who had been hospitalized, has subsequently been ruled out based on both negative laboratory results and the absence of clinical symptoms compatible with H5N1 infection.

This is the largest cluster of cases, closely related in time and place, reported to date in any country and is being carefully investigated by Indonesia’s ministries of health and agriculture and by WHO epidemiologists. The source of exposure for the initial case is still under investigation, with exposure to infected poultry or an environment contaminated by their faeces considered the most plausible source.

The likely source of infection for the additional cases has not yet been determined. Multiple hypotheses are being investigated. Apart from living in close proximity to each other, the cases in this cluster are known to have participated in a family gathering around 29 April. The cases may have acquired their infection from a shared environmental exposure yet to be identified. The possibility of limited human-to-human transmission cannot be ruled out at present.

Investigators at the outbreak site have found no evidence that infection has spread beyond members of this single extended family. No influenza-like illness has been identified in health care workers or other persons in close contact with the patients. If human-to-human transmission has occurred, it has not been either efficient or sustained.

The newly confirmed cases bring the total in Indonesia to 40. Of these cases, 31 have been fatal.







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...die Isolate zeigen allerdings genetische Anzeichen einer Adaptation

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Neurotropism of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A/Chicken/Indonesia/2003 (H5N1) in Experimentally Infected Pigeons (Columbia livia f. domestica)
R. Klopfleisch, O. Werner, E. Mundt, T. Harder and J. P. Teifke
Institute of Infectology (RK, JPT1) Institute of Molecular Biology (EM), and Institute of Diagnostic Virology (OW, TH), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
Vet Pathol 43:463-470 (2006)
http://www.vetpathology.org/cgi/content/abstract/43/4/463


This investigation assessed the susceptibility of experimentally infected pigeons to the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 that caused recent outbreaks of avian influenza in birds and humans in several countries of Asia. For this purpose 14 pigeons were infected ocularly and nasally with 10*8 EID50 and clinical signs were recorded and compared with five chickens infected simultaneously as positive controls. The chickens demonstrated anorexia, depression, and 100% mortality within 2 days postinoculation. Three of the pigeons died after a history of depression and severe neurological signs consisting of paresis to paralysis, mild enteric hemorrhage, resulting in a mortality of 21%. Gross lesions in these pigeons were mild and inconsistent. Occasionally subcutaneous hyperemia and hemorrhage and cerebral malacia were observed. Microscopic lesions and detection of viral antigen were confined to the central nervous system of these pigeons. In the cerebrum and to a minor extent in the brain stem a lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis with disseminated neuronal and glial cell necrosis, perivascular cuffing, glial nodules, and in one bird focally extensive liquefactive necrosis could be observed. The remaining nine pigeons showed neither clinical signs nor gross or histological lesions associated with avian influenza, although seroconversion against H5 indicated that they had been infected. These results confirm that pigeons are susceptible to HPAIV A/chicken/Indonesia/2003 (H5N1) and that the disease is associated with the neurotropism of this virus. Although sentinel chickens and most pigeons did not develop disease, further experiments have to elucidate whether or not Columbiformes are involved in transmission and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza.

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Indirekter Nachweis von AIV Infektionen
Serologie ist für Zwecke des Screenings auf Herdenbasis brauchbar (Beck 2003).
Für den Nachweis von AIV spezifischen Antikörpern in Serumproben oder im Eidotter
(Legehennen) ist der Hämagglutinationshemmungstest unter Anwendung von
Referenzantigenen verschiedener Subtypen noch immer der Goldstandard. Gruppenspezifische
Antikörper (Influenzavirus Typ A) gegen das Nukleokapsid Protein
können auch durch Agargelimmunopräzipation und ELISA detektiert werden
(Meulemans 1987, Snyder 1985, Jin 2004). Durch die Anwendung von kompetetiven
ELISAs können Seren jeglicher Vogelarten, unabhängig von der Verfügbarkeit
speziesspezifischer Konjugate untersucht werden (Shafer 1998, Zhou 199. ELISAs
für die Ermittlung von H5- und H7-spezifischen Antikörpern wurden entwikkelt
und befinden sich derzeit in der klinischen Erprobung (Sala 2003).
Die Kinetik der Entwicklung subtypspezifischer Antikörper ist von den Eigenschaften
des Virusstammes und vor allem von den Wirtsarten abhängig. Bei Hühnerartigen
sind Antikörper während der zweiten Woche nach Exposition zuverlässig
nachweisbar, Antikörper im Eidotter mit einer Verspätung von einigen wenigen
Tagen (Beck 2003). Die Entwicklung und Ermittlung von Antiköpern bei Anatidae
Arten ist dagegen viel variabler (Suarez and Shultz-Cherry 2000).
Quelle: Influenza Report 2006
Herausgegeben von
Dr. med. Doris Behrens

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Weiß jemand, was für ein "neuer Stamm" das ist ?

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the “new” H5N1 in Thailand is the Fujian strain, first reported in a duck in Fujian province in 2005. That H5N1 had a novel HA cleavage site. The most common cleavage site in Asian H5N1 is PQRERRRKKR. Many H5N1 isolates from China are missing a K to give a cleavage site of PQRERRRK_R. This cleavage site has been seen in Korea, Japan, and China. However, the Fujian stain has another change just upstream from the cleavage site to give PLRERRRKKR. This cleavage site was in all reported human cases in 2005 and 2006 from China.

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http://www.bundestag.de/ausschuesse/...3%BCgelpest%22

Der Eindruck einer unübersehbaren, einseitigen Fokussierung auf die Wahrung der wirtschaftlichen Interessen der Geflügelindustrie entsteht beim Lesen dieses Dokumentes selbstverständlich rein zufällig und ist sicherlich nicht beabsichtigt.

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Fort Dodge Animal Health Announces Licensure of a Reverse Genetics Avian Influenza Vaccine
Fort Dodge to Supply French Ministry of Agriculture with Millions of Doses of Vaccine


OVERLAND PARK, Kan. (March 30, 2006) — Fort Dodge Animal Health, a division of Wyeth (NYSE:WYE), today announced the National Agency of Veterinary Medicine (France) has given temporary approval for Poulvac® FluFendTM i H5N3 RG, an inactivated virus reverse genetics avian vaccine to aid in the prevention of avian influenza (AI) caused by the H5N1 virus.

In collaboration with St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital and the University of Wisconsin, Fort Dodge developed the vaccine as part of a control and eradication program in response to the growing concern about global avian influenza and the need to protect poultry from the disease.

Reverse genetics, a cutting-edge technology being utilized in the development of human vaccines, has enabled Fort Dodge to take components from three different influenza viruses and bring them together in a single product. This technology, licensed from the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, not only results in a product that offers safe and effective protection against the most prevalent strain of AI currently threatening France, but also allows for differentiation between a field strain and the vaccine, using diagnostic tests that Differentiate Infected from Vaccinated Animals—the so-called DIVA system. DIVA is often used as part of a monitoring program to demonstrate the flock is not infected with the field virus.

The reverse genetics technology used for the preparation of the Fort Dodge H5 influenza vaccine was developed by Erich Hoffmann, Ph.D., Division of Virology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. This process, known as the eight plasmid reverse genetics system, is a significant advantage for future poultry vaccines because it allows the antigen content to be standardized, according to Robert Webster, Ph.D., holder of the Rose Marie Thomas Chair, Department of Infectious Diseases, at St. Jude. “The standardization of antigen content is similar to human influenza vaccines, and more recently for equine influenza vaccines,” Webster said. “Thus, this new vaccine is a major advance for preventing infection of poultry with H5N1.”

The French Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries has requested an initial supply of
7 million doses of this vaccine for use in ducks as part of an avian influenza control program. Approval was based on the efficacy of the vaccine, which demonstrated the ability to reduce mortality, virus re-isolation and shedding after challenge with highly pathogenic AI viruses. The French Ministry recently started vaccinating outdoor ducks in parts of France, as authorities consider these areas at high risk for the transmission of AI virus by migrating birds.

As part of AI control programs, various Fort Dodge conventional vaccines have been registered or used in other parts of the world to provide safe and efficacious protection against Avian Influenza. In several different countries, Fort Dodge’s products have been supplied as vaccine banks for use in the event of an outbreak. In addition to H5N3 RG, Fort Dodge has approvals for vaccines including H5N9, H5N2, H7N1, H7N2 and H7N3 strains.

Fort Dodge Animal Health

Fort Dodge Animal Health is a leading manufacturer and distributor of prescription and over-the-counter animal health care products for the livestock, companion animal, equine, swine and poultry industries in North America and international markets. Key poultry products include Bursine® -2, Bursine® Plus and Poulvac Aero®. The company is headquartered in Overland Park, Kan.

St. Jude Children`s Research Hospital

St. Jude Children`s Research Hospital is internationally recognized for its pioneering work in finding cures and saving children with cancer and other catastrophic diseases. Founded by late entertainer Danny Thomas and based in Memphis, Tenn., St. Jude freely shares its discoveries with scientific and medical communities around the world. No family ever pays for treatments not covered by insurance, and families without insurance are never asked to pay. St. Jude is financially supported by ALSAC, its fund-raising organization. For more information, please visit www.stjude.org.

Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation

Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation supports world-class research at the University of Wisconsin-Madison by protecting the intellectual property of University faculty, staff and students, and by licensing inventions resulting from their work. Through the licensing efforts, university ideas benefit the public by bringing resources back to the University to continue the cycle of investment, research and invention. Established in 1925, WARF was the first university technology transfer office in the United States.

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Media source: Kelly Goss Fort Dodge Animal Health 913-664-7276 http://www.wyeth.com/news?nav=displ...me/news/pressreleases/2006/1145475366899.html

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Our investigations also found that some animal-handling practices, such as handling poultry, cleaning poultry stalls and cages, and collecting poultry feathers appeared to reduce the chance that a flock would be infected by H5N1 virus. This finding is in contrast to findings that handling dead or sick poultry is a risk factor for (individual) human H5N1 illness (18,19). We speculate that some practices that encourage backyard birds to stay close to the house, such as handling poultry, may be protective by reducing the distance healthy fowl need to roam to forage for food, thereby reducing interactions with wild and other domestic birds and contact with contaminated environments. Cleaning poultry stalls and cages and collecting poultry feathers may indicate a better level of general hygiene practices and may also decrease the risk by removing potentially infectious materials. These findings may highlight the value of educating farmers about hygienic animal-handling practices.

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